Below is a selection of our publications, including Cochrane reviews, protocols, and other evidence syntheses.
Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Nurdin N, Movsisyan A, Kothari K, Gleeson C, Conway T, Tierney M, Taneri PE, Mulholland D, Tricco AC, Dinnes J, Devane D.
Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 testing strategies in reducing COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025 Oct 2;10(10):CD016192. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD016192.pub2.
Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, King C, Whelan SO, Blair M, Donohue S, Madden C, Kothari K, Sommer I, Harder T, Dauby N, Moustsen-Helms IR, Ruta S, Frère J, Schönfeld V, Poukka E, Lutsar I, Olsson K, Melidou A, Adel Ali K, Dwan K, Devane D.
Efficacy and safety of respiratory syncytial virus vaccines.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025 Sep 29;9(9):CD016131. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD016131
Lax S, Van Vogt E, Candy B, Steele L, et al
Topical anti‐inflammatory treatments for eczema: network meta‐analysis
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2024 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015064.pub2
Mayer SF, Corcoran C Kennedy L,Leucht S, Bighelli I.
Cognitive behavioural therapy added to standard care for first‐episode and recent‐onset psychosis
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2024 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015331.pub2
Yoong SL, Lum M, Wolfenden L, Jackson J, Barnes C, Hall AE, McCrabb S, Pearson N, Lane C, Jones JZ, Dinour L, McDonnell T, Booth D, Grady A.
Healthy eating interventions delivered in early childhood education and care settings for improving the diet of children aged six months to six years
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2023 DOI: doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013862.pub2
Konnyu KJ, Yogasingam S, Lépine J, Sullivan K, Alabousi M, Edwards A, Hillmer M, Karunananthan S, Lavis JN, Linklater S, Manns BJ, Moher D, Mortazhejri S, Nazarali S, Paprica PA, Ramsay T, Ryan PM, … Grimshaw JM, Ivers N.
Quality improvement strategies for diabetes care: Effects on outcomes for adults living with diabetes
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2023 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD014513
Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Mamun R, Hasan M, Meiring JE, Khan MA.
Oral killed cholera vaccines for preventing cholera
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014573
Meskell P, Biesty LM, Dowling M, Roche K, Meehan E, Glenton C, Devane D, Shepperd S, Booth A, Cox R, Chan XHS, Houghton C.
Factors that impact on recruitment to vaccine trials in the context of a pandemic or epidemic: a qualitative evidence synthesis
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2023 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.MR000065.pub22
Ryan RE, Silke C, Parkhill A, Virgona A, Merner B et al.
Communication to promote and support physical distancing for COVID‐19 prevention and control
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015144
Davidson M, Menon S, Chaimani A, Evrenoglou T, Ghosn L, Graña C, Henschke N, Cogo E, Villanueva G, Ferrand G, Riveros C, Bonnet H, Kapp P, Moran C, Devane D, Meerpohl JJ, Rada G, Hróbjartsson A, Grasselli G, Tovey D, Ravaud P, Boutron I
Interleukin‐1 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19
Cochrane Database 2022, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD015308
Ryan RE, Connolly M, Bradford NK, Henderson S, Herbert A, Schonfeld L, Young J, Bothroyd JI, Henderson A.
Interventions for interpersonal communication about end of life care between health practitioners and affected people
Cochrane Database 2022, 10.1002/14651858.CD013116.pub2
Osadnik CR, Gleeson C, McDonald VM, and Holland AE.
Pulmonary rehabilitation versus usual care for adults with asthma
Cochrane Database 2022, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013485.pub2
Wolfenden L, McCrabb S, Barnes C, O’Brien KM, Ng KW, Nathan NK, Sutherland R, Hodder RK, Tzelepis F, Nolan E, Williams CM, Yoong SL.
Strategies for enhancing the implementation of school‐based policies or practices targeting diet, physical activity, obesity, tobacco or alcohol use
Cochrane Database 2022, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011677.pub3
Graña C, Ghosn L, Evrenoglou T, Jarde A, Minozzi S, Bergman H, Buckley BS, Probyn K, Villanueva G, Henschke N, Bonnet H, Assi R, Menon S, Marti M, Devane D, Mallon P, et al
Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines
Cochrane Database 2022, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015477
Webster KE, O’Byrne L, MacKeith S, Philpott C, Hopkins C, Burton MJ
Interventions for the prevention of persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction
Cochrane Database 2021, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013877.pub2
O’Byrne L, Webster KE, MacKeith S, Philpott C, Hopkins C, Burton MJ
Interventions for the treatment of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction
Cochrane Database 2022, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013876.pub2
O’Shea O, Stovold E, Cates CJ
Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an inhaled corticosteroid for chronic asthma: serious adverse events
Cochrane Database 2022, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007694.pub3
Walsh SC, Murphy E, Devane D, Sampson EL, Connolly S, Carney P, O’Shea E.
Palliative care interventions in advanced dementia.
Cochrane Database 2021, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011513.pub3
McGloin H, Devane D, McIntosh CD, Winkley K, Gethin G.
Psychological interventions for treating foot ulcers, and preventing their recurrence, in people with diabetes
Cochrane Database 2021, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012835.pub2
Ghosn L, Chaimani A, Evrenoglou T, Davidson M, Graña C, Schmucker C, Bollig C, Henschke N, Sguassero Y, Nejstgaard CH, Menon S, Nguyen TV, Ferrand G, Kapp P, Riveros C, Ávila C, Devane D, Meerpohl JJ, Rada G, Hróbjartsson A, Grasselli G, Tovey D, Ravaud P, Boutron I.
Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013881
Kavanagh EP, Sultan S, Jordan F, Elhelali A, Devane D, Veerasingam D, Hynes N.
Hybrid repair versus conventional open repair for aortic arch dissection
Cochrane Database 2021, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012920.pub2
Houghton C, Meskell P, Delaney H, Smalle M, Glenton C, Booth A, Chan XHS, Devane D, Biesty LM.
Barriers and facilitators to healthcare workers’ adherence with infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines for respiratory infectious diseases: a rapid qualitative evidence synthesis.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020 (4) DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013582
Verbeek JH, Rajamaki B, Ijaz S, Sauni R, Toomey E, Blackwood B, et al.
Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020;(4) doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011621.pub4
Smith V, Devane D, Nichol A, Roche D.
Care bundles for improving outcomes in patients with COVID‐19 or related conditions in intensive care – a rapid scoping review.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020, (12). DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013819.
Noone C, McSharry J, Smalle M, Burns A, Dwan K, Devane D, Morrissey EC.
Video calls for reducing social isolation and loneliness in older people: a rapid review.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020 (5). DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013632.
Gillies K, Kearney A, Keenan C, Treweek S, Hudson J, Brueton VC, Conway T, Hunter A, Murphy L, Carr PJ, Rait G, Manson P, Aceves-Martins M.
Strategies to improve retention in randomised trials.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.MR000032.pub3
Houghton C, Dowling M, Meskell P, Hunter A, Gardner H, Conway A, Treweek S, Sutcliffe K, Noyes J, Devane D, Nicholas JR, Biesty LM.
Factors that impact on recruitment to randomised trials in health care: a qualitative evidence synthesis.
Cochrane Database 2020, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.MR000045
Kos D, Eijssen I, Bekkering GE, De Coninck L, O’Meara C, Koen M, Hynes SM
Occupational therapy in multiple sclerosis
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2023, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015371
Toomey E, Wolfenden L, Armstrong R, Booth D, Christensen R, Byrne M, Dobbins M, Vittal Katikireddi S, Lavis JN, Maguire T, McHugh S, BeSchmidt BM, Mulholland D, Smith M, Devane D
Knowledge translation interventions for facilitating evidence‐informed decision‐making amongst health policymakers
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009181
O’Byrne L, Webster KE, MacKeith S, Philpott C, Hopkins C, Burton MJ.
Interventions for the treatment of persistent post‐viral olfactory dysfunction
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014912
Bighelli I, Corcoran C, Umama-Agada E, Leucht S
Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care for first episode psychosis
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD015331.
Piyasena MP, Daka Q, Qureshi R, Li T, Takwoingi Y, Virgili G, Azuara-Blanco A
Prognostic factors for predicting progression of open angle glaucoma in adults
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022, doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015436
Makino Y, Yoshimura S, Nahara I, Sahker E, Roche D, Watanabe N.
Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for neuraxial anaesthesia in adults
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014964
Boutron I, Chaimani A, Devane D, Meerpohl JJ, Rada G, Hróbjartsson A, Tovey D, Grasselli G, Ravaud P.
Interventions for the prevention and treatment of COVID‐19: a living mapping of research and living network meta‐analysis.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013769.
Boutron I, Chaimani A, Devane D, Meerpohl JJ, Rada G, Hróbjartsson A, Tovey D, Grasselli G, Ravaud P.
Interventions for the treatment of COVID‐19: a living network meta‐analysis.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013770
Noone, C., Morrissey, E. C., Mc Sharry, J., Devane, D., Burns, A., Smalle, M., & Dwan, K. (2020).
Cochrane Rapid Review Protocol – The Effectiveness of Video Calls for Reducing Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older People.
https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/RFXKYKos D, Eijssen I, Bekkering GE, De Coninck L, O’Meara C, Koen M, Hynes SM
Occupational therapy in multiple sclerosis
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2023, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015371
Devane D, Alfirevic Z, Kellie F, Finucane E, Beecher C, Hanrahan V. et al.
Review of clinical practice guidelines for the care of pregnant women and their babies during COVID-19. 2020
Cochrane. Coronavirus (COVID-19): remote care through telehealth. 2020 (curated by Gleeson C, Kelly M and Devane D with the Central Editorial Team)
Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Burke NN, Murphy L, Parlour R, Boland M, Taneri PE, Reynolds B, Horgan M, Lavis JN, Devane D.
Synthesizing Public Health Preparedness Mechanisms for High-Impact Infectious Disease Threats: A Jurisdictional Scan.
J Evid Based Med. 2025 Jun;18(2):e70019. doi: 10.1111/jebm.70019.
Neil-Sztramko SE, Belita E, Traynor RL, Hagerman L, Akaraci S, Burnett P, Kostopoulos A, Dobbins M.
What is the specific role of schools and daycares in COVID-19 transmission? A final report from a living rapid review
Lancet Child Adolesc Health DOI 10.1016/S2352-4642(23)00312-7 (2024)
Cochrane Evidence Synthesis and Methods. https://doi.org/10.1002/cesm.12001 (2023).
Parker A, Harris C, Fennelly O, Thomas SM, Ghassemi M, McGowan J, Straus SE, Tricco A et al
Implemented machine learning tools to inform decision-making for patient care in hospital settings: a scoping review.
BMJ Open, doi 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065845
Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Movsisyan A, Kothari K, Conway T, Tierney M, Madden C, Taneri PE, O’Halloran JA, Nurdin N, et al.
Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 testing strategies: A scoping review
Cochrane Evidence Synthesis and Methods https://doi.org/10.1002/cesm.12030 (2023).
Vyas N, Bennett A, Shaver N, Beck A, Zitiktye G, Whelan B, O’Regan R, Conway A, Skidmore B, Moher D, Little J.
SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk for common group activities and settings: a living scoping review
European Journal of Public Health https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckad195 (2023).
Toomey E, Conway Y, Burton C, Smith S, Smalle M, Chan X-H, Adisesh A, Tanveer S, Ross L, Thomson I, Devane D, Greenhalgh T.
Extended use or reuse of single-use surgical masks and filtering face-piece respirators during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: A rapid systematic review.
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 42(1), 75-83. doi:10.1017/ice.2020.1243 (2020).
Mahalingasivam V, Craik A, Tomlinson LA, Ge L, Hou L, Qi Wang, Kehu Yang, Fogarty D, Keenan C.
A Systematic Review of COVID-19 and Kidney Transplantation. Kidney International Reports (2021)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2020.10.023.
Jackson T, Deibert D, Wyatt G, Durand-Moreau Q, Adisesh A, Khunit K, Khunit S, Mith S, Chan XH, Ross L, Roberts N, Toomey E, Greenhalgh T, et al.
Classification of aerosol-generating procedures: a rapid systematic review.
BMJ Open Respiratory Research 2020;7:e000730. doi: 10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000730.
Toomey E, Conway Y, Burton C, Smith S, Smalle M, Chan X-H,et al.
Extended use or re-use of single-use surgical masks and filtering facepiece respirators: a rapid evidence review. 3 June 2020
Greenhalgh T, Chan X, Khunti K, Durand-Moreau Q, Straube S, Devane D, Toomey T, Adisesh A.
What is the efficacy of standard face masks compared to respirator masks in preventing COVID-type respiratory illnesses in primary care staff? For Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (CEBM). 23 March 2020
Greenhalgh T, Chan X, Durand-Moreau Q, Straube S, Devane D, Toomey T, Adisesh A, Ross L.
What is the evidence that COVID-19 personal protective equipment should include shoe covers? (CEBM) April 7 2020
Khunti K, Greenhalgh R, Chan X, Durand-Moreau Q, Straube S, Devane D, Toomey T, Adisesh A, Ross L.
What is the efficacy of eye protection equipment compared to no eye protection equipment in preventing transmission of COVID-19-type respiratory illnesses in primary and community care? April 3 2020
Burton C, Coles B, Adisesh A, Smith S, Toomey T, Chan XH, Ross L, Greenhalgh T.
What is the performance and impact of disposable and reusable respirators for healthcare workers in the context of COVID-19? 22 May 2020Synthesizing Public Health Preparedness Mechanisms for High-Impact Infectious Disease Threats: A Jurisdictional Scan.
Toomey E, Conway Y, Burton C, Smith S, Smalle M, Chan XH, Adisesh A, Tanveer S, Ross L, Thomson I, Devane D, T Greenhalgh.
Extended use or re-use of single-use surgical masks and filtering facepiece respirators: a rapid evidence review.
medRxiv 2020.06.04.20121947; doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.04.20121947. 6 citations
Boulton E, Kneale D, Stansfield C, Heron P, Sutcliffe K, Hayanga B, Bosnquet K, Bloor K, Bower P, Casey C, Craig D, Gilbody S, Jefferson L, Hanratty B, McMillan D, Thomas J, Todd C.
Befriending, social support, and low-intensity psychosocial interventions delivered remotely to reduce social isolation and loneliness among older adults. 2 citations.
http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/CMS/Portals/0/LonelinessExecSummary-5.pdf
Boulton E, Kneale D, Stansfield C, Heron P, Sutcliffe K, Hayanga B, Bosnquet K, Bloor K, Bower P, Casey C, Craig D, Gilbody S, Jefferson L, Hanratty B, McMillan D, Thomas J, Todd C.
What are effective befriending, social support, and low intensity psychosocial interventions delivered remotely to reduce social isolation and loneliness among older adults and how do they ‘work’? A rapid review of systematic reviews. Available from
http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/CMS/Portals/0/SocialIsolationRemoteInterventions.pdf
Boutron I, Chaimani A, Devane D, Meerpohl J, Tovey D, Hróbjartsson A, Ravaud P. (2020).
Interventions for preventing and treating COVID-19: protocol for a living mapping of research and a living systematic review. Zenodo.
http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3744600
Devane D, Alfirevic Z, Kellie F, Finucane E, Beecher C, Hanrahan V, et al.
Review of clinical practice guidelines for the care of pregnant women and their babies during COVID-19 – Protocol. 2020.
Jurisdictional scans: methodological considerations for systematically analysing and comparing policy approaches across different jurisdictions.
J Clin Epidemiol. 2025 Oct 18:112025. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.112025.
Key concepts in rapid reviews: an overview.
J Clin Epidemiol. 2024 Nov;175:111518. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2024.111518.
Hultcrantz M, Schünemann HJ, Mustafa RA, Rind DM, Murad MH, Mayer M, Tovey D, Alper BS, Akl EA, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Sousa-Pinto B, Neumann I, Izcovich A, Guyatt G.
GRADE Certainty Ratings: Thresholds Rather Than Categories of Contextualization (GRADE Guidance 41).
Ann Intern Med. 2025 Aug;178(8):1183-1186. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-25-00548.
Chantelle Garritty, Barbara Nussbaumer-Streit, Candyce Hamel, Declan Devane, Cochrane Rapid Reviews Methods Group
Rapid reviews methods series: assessing the appropriateness of conducting a rapid review.
BMJ Evid Based Med
(2024) 9:256. 10.1136/bmjebm-2023-112722 .
Nikita N. Burke, Derek Stewart, Theresa Tierney, Andrew Worrall, Maureen Smith, Jim Elliott, Claire Beecher, Declan Devane & Linda Biesty
Sharing space at the research table: exploring public and patient involvement in a methodology priority setting partnership
Research Involvement and Engagement
(2022) 9:256. “https://doi.org/10.1186/s40900-023-00438-1
“.
Claire Beecher, Elaine Toomey, Beccy Maeso, Caroline Whiting, Derek C. Stewart, Andrew Worrall, Jim Elliott, Maureen Smith, Theresa Tierney, Bronagh Blackwood, Teresa Maguire, Melissa Kampman, Benny Ling, Catherine Gill, Patricia Healy, Catherine Houghton, Andrew Booth, Chantelle Garritty, James Thomas, Andrea C. Tricco, Nikita N. Burke, Ciara Keenan, Declan Devane
Priority III: Top 10 rapid review methodology research priorities identified using a James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership
Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
(2022) 9:256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.08.002.
Biesty L, Meskell P, Glenton C, Delaney H, Smalle M, Booth A, Chan XHS, Devane D, Houghton C.
A QuESt for speed: rapid qualitative evidence syntheses as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Systematic Reviews (2020) 9:256. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01512-5.
Tricco A, Garrity C, Boulous L, …Devane D, Houghton C… et al.
Rapid review methods more challenging during COVID-19: commentary with a focus on 8 knowledge synthesis steps (2020).
Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (126). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.06.029.
Boutron I, Chaimani A, Meerpohl JJ, Hróbjartsson A, Devane D, Rada G. et al.
The COVID-NMA Project: building an evidence ecosystem for the COVID-19 pandemic.
Annals of Internal Medicine 2020 https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-5261.
Boutron I, Tovey DI, De Nale L, Chaimani A, Devane D, Meerpohl JJ, et al.
COVID-NMA: a collaborative COVID-19 living evidence project. In: Collaborating in response to COVID-19: editorial and methods initiatives across Cochrane.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020;(12 Suppl 1). doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD202002
Burke N, Devane D, Galvin S, Keenan C
(2020) COVID-19 Emergency Evidence Response Service: report from Ireland. In: Collaborating in response to COVID-19: editorial and methods initiatives across Cochrane.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD202002
Garritty C…Devane…et al (2020).
Rapid review methods guidance aids in Cochrane’s quick response to the COVID-19 crisis. In: Collaborating in response to COVID-19: editorial and methods initiatives across Cochrane.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD202002
Boutron…Devane.. et al (2020)
COVID-NMA: a collaborative COVID-19 living evidence project. In: Collaborating in response to COVID-19: editorial and methods initiatives across Cochrane.
Boutron et al.
Research response to coronavirus disease 2019 needed better coordination and collaboration: a living mapping of registered trials (2020).
Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.10.010
Zaki M, Devane D, Conway T, Galvin S, Burke NN, Finucane F.
Battling the COVID-19 infodemic in an Irish context: the role of iHealthFacts
HRB Open Res 2020, 3:81. https://doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13174.1
Wieseler B, Kaiser T, Boutron I, Devane D, Gartlehner G, Meerpohl J, Ravaud P.
Cochrane Ireland, France, Austria, Germany and IQWiG, calling for transparency of COVID19 studies, issued an open letter (May 2020).
Devane D
Mini-commentary: Minimising duplicate reports in estimating COVID-19 impact (July 2020).
BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16421
Verbeek JH, Rajamaki B, Ijaz S, Sauni R, Toomey E, Blackwood B, et al.
What we should all know about PPE for healthcare workers.
BMJ Opinion (2020).
Haddaway NR, Akl EA, Page MJ, Welch VA, Keenan C, Lotfi T.
Open synthesis and the coronavirus pandemic in 2020.
J Clin Epidemiol. 2020;126:184-191. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.06.032. 2 citations.
Grimshaw JM, Tovey DI,
Lavis JN on behalf of COVID-END. COVID-END: An international network to better co-ordinate and maximize the impact of the global evidence synthesis and guidance response to COVID-19. Cochrane Library, 11 December 2020.
Greenhalgh T, on behalf of team. Editor’s commentary: Rapid reviews of PPE – an update (April 2020).